Flexible routing and addressing

ABSTRACT

At an ingress point to a shared transaction infrastructure, for example a shared PCI Express infrastructure, an entry in a segment table maps an address in a transaction packet to a target for the transaction packet. The entry in the segment table identifies one of a plurality of channel descriptors providing one or more of forwarding information for the transaction packet and information for constructing an additional header for the transaction packet.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/674,059, which was filed Apr. 22, 2005 and is incorporated herein byreference. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser.Nos. Ser. No. 11/291,314, entitled “Device Sharing”, Ser. No.11/291,264, entitled “Virtualization for Device Sharing” Ser. No.11/291,313, entitled “Proxy-Based Device Sharing” Ser. No. 11/291,263,entitled “Scalable Routing and Addressing” Ser. No. 11/291,361, entitled“Distributed I/O Bridging Functionality” and Ser. No. 11/291,359,entitled “Adding Packet Routing Information Without ECRC Recalculation”,all of which were filed Dec. 1, 2005.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to providing flexible routing andaddressing of transactions via a transactions infrastructure.

In many computer environments, a fast and flexible transactionsinfrastructure can be desirable to provide connectivity to devicescapable of high levels of data throughput.

For example, in the fields of data transfer between devices in acomputing environment, PCI Express (PCI-E) can be used to provideconnectivity between a host and one or more client devices or endpoints.PCI Express is becoming a de-facto I/O interconnect for servers anddesktop computers. PCI Express allows physical system decoupling(CPU<->I/O) through high-speed serial I/O. The PCI Express BaseSpecification 1.0 sets out behavior requirements of devices using thePCI Express interconnect standard. According to the Specification, PCIExpress is a host to endpoint protocol where each endpoint connects to ahost and is accessible by the host. PCI Express imposes a stringent treestructure relationship between I/O Devices and a Root Complex.

The present invention seeks to facilitate the routing and addressing oftransaction packets in a transactions infrastructure in a fast,flexible, efficient and scalable manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Aspects of the present invention are defined in the appended claims.

An embodiment of the invention can provide a method of routingtransactions via a shared infrastructure. The method can include, at aninfrastructure ingress point, an entry in a segment table mapping anaddress in a transaction packet to a target for the transaction packet.The entry in the segment table can further identify one of a pluralityof channel descriptors. The channel descriptors can provide one or moreof forwarding information for the transaction packet and information forconstructing an additional header for the transaction packet.

Example embodiments can thereby provide flexible routing and addressingof transaction packets. For example, the segment table can define amapping from an address received in a transaction packet from a rootcomplex to a target node and potentially also a new target address.

An embodiment of the invention can also provide an interconnectapparatus and/or a computer system for carrying out the method describedabove.

Although specific combinations of features are identified in theindependent and dependent claims, it will be appreciated thatembodiments of the invention may include combinations of the features ofthe independent and dependent claims other than those specificallyidentified by the dependencies of the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described byway of example only with reference to the accompanying Figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a PCI Express connection;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an example of a PCI Expressfabric topology;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a PCI Express switch;

FIG. 4 is a schematic overview of layering within PCI Express;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of packet flow through the layersshown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a schematic structure overview for a Type 1 configurationheader;

FIG. 7 is a schematic structure overview for a Type 0 configurationheader;

FIG. 8 is a schematic overview of an I/O software framework;

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an example embodiment ofmulti-host PCI-E device sharing;

FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a shared port;

FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of an example of a shared PCI-Edevice;

FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of another embodiment ofmulti-host PCI-E device sharing;

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of another embodiment ofmulti-host PCI-E device sharing;

FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of an example of transparentdevice sharing;

FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of address translation in anexample of an interconnect apparatus for transparent device sharing;

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example ofnon-transparent device sharing;

FIG. 17 is a further schematic diagram illustrating an example ofnon-transparent device sharing;

FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of a transaction packet with averified hierarchy tag;

FIG. 19 is a schematic representation of the addition and subsequentremoval of a verified hierarchy tag in an infrastructure;

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram illustrating the addition of a verifiedhierarchy tag;

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating the removal of a verifiedhierarchy tag;

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram illustrating an ECRC check process for amodified transaction packet;

FIG. 23 is schematic representation of a mechanism providing addressmapping;

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating the passage of a DMA requestvia an infrastructure; and

FIG. 25 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a PCI Express addressmapping for a host channel adapter.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments are shown by way of example inthe drawings and are herein described in detail. It should beunderstood, however, that drawings and detailed description thereto arenot intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed,but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications,equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One computer interconnect standard is the PCI Express 1.0 standard setout in the PCI Express Base Specification 1.0 available from the PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect) Special Interest Group(www.pcisig.com). The PCI Express architecture is a high performance,general purpose I/O interconnect defined for a wide variety of existingand future computing and communication platforms. Key attributes fromthe original PCI architecture, such as its usage model, load-storearchitecture, and software interfaces, are maintained. On the otherhand, the parallel bus implementation of PCI is replaced in PCI Expressby a highly scalable, fully serial interface. Among the advancedfeatures supported by PCI Express are Power Management, Quality ofService (QoS), Hot-Plug/Hot-Swap support, Data Integrity and ErrorHandling. PCI Express is also backwards compatible with the softwaremodels used to describe PCI, such that PCI Express hardware can bedetected and configured using PCI system configuration softwareimplementations with no modifications.

With reference to FIG. 1, there will now be described the basicpoint-to-point communications channel provided by PCI Express. Acomponent collection consisting of two ports and the lanes connectingthose ports can be referred to as a link. A link represents adual-simplex communications channel between two components. As shown inFIG. 1, in its simplest form, a link 10 includes two components 12 and14, each including a respective transmit and receive port pair 13 and15. Two unidirectional, low-voltage, differentially driven channels 16and 18 connect the ports of the components, one channel in eachdirection. The channel pair can be referred to as a lane. The channels16 and 18 each carry packets 17 and 19 between the components. Accordingto the PCI Express 1.0 specification, each lane provides an effectivedata transfer rate of 2.5 Gigabits/second/lane/direction. Forcircumstances where this data bandwidth is insufficient, to scalebandwidth, a link may aggregate multiple Lanes denoted by xN where N maybe any of the supported Link widths. An x8 Link represents an aggregatebandwidth of 20 Gigabits/second of raw bandwidth in each direction. Thisbase specification 1.0 describes operations for x1, x2, x4, x8, x12,x16, and x32 Lane widths. According to the specification onlysymmetrical links are permitted, such that a link includes the samenumber of lanes in each direction.

With reference to FIG. 2, there will now be described an example of aPCI Express fabric topology 20. A fabric is composed of point-to-pointlinks that interconnect a set of components. In the example of FIG. 2,there is shown a single fabric instance 20 referred to as a hierarchy,composed of a root complex 21, multiple endpoints 25 (such as I/Odevices), a switch 27, and a PCI Express to PCI Bridge 28, allinterconnected via PCI Express Links. The root complex 21 can beconnected to a CPU 22 and memory 23 subsystem which requires access tothe I/O facilitated by the PCI Express Fabric. The combination of rootcomplex, CPU and memory can be referred to as a host 24. Each of thecomponents of the topology is mapped in a single flat address space andcan be accessed using PCI-like load/store accesses transactionsemantics.

A root complex 21 is the root of an I/O hierarchy that connects theCPU/memory subsystem to the I/O. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a rootcomplex 21 may support one or more PCI Express ports. Each interfacedefines a separate hierarchy domain. Each hierarchy domain may becomposed of a single endpoint or a sub-hierarchy containing one or moreswitch components and endpoints. The capability to route peer-to-peertransactions between hierarchy domains through a root complex isoptional and implementation dependent. For example, an implementationmay incorporate a real or virtual switch internally within the rootcomplex to enable full peer-to-peer support in a software transparentway.

An endpoint 25 is a type of device that can be the requester orcompleter of a PCI Express transaction either on its own behalf or onbehalf of a distinct non-PCI Express device (other than a PCI device orhost CPU). Examples of endpoints include: a PCI Express attachedgraphics controller, a PCI Express-USB host controller, and a PCIExpress attached network interface such as an Ethernet MAC/PHY orInfiniBand Host Channel Adapter (HCA).

A switch 27 is a logical assembly of multiple virtual PCI Express to PCIExpress bridge devices as illustrated in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, anupstream port 31 which connects in the, direction of a host connects toa number of downstream ports 33 via a switch fabric made up of a numberof virtual PCI Express to PCI Express bridges. Switches are governed bya number of rules. Amongst these rules is a requirement that switchesappear to configuration software as two or more logical virtual PCIExpress to PCI Express Bridges and forward transactions using PCI Bridgemechanisms; e.g., address based routing. Also, a switch is not allowedto split a packet into smaller packets, e.g., a single packet with a256-byte payload must not be divided into two packets of 128 bytespayload each. Each virtual PCI Express to PCI Express bridge 35 can be aphysical PCI Express to PCI Express bridge or can be an alternativephysical structure which is controlled to behave as a PCI Express to PCIExpress bridge. A switch such as switch 27 can be configured as one ormore integrated circuits, for example as one or more ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).

A PCI Express to PCI Bridge 28 (FIG. 2) provides a connection between aPCI Express fabric and a PCI/PCI-X hierarchy. Thereby, conventionalPCI/PCI-X devices 29 may be connected to the PCI Express fabric andaccessed by a host including a PCI Express root complex.

A PCI Express fabric can be configured using one of two mechanisms.These are: a PCI compatible configuration mechanism which supports 100%binary compatibility with operating systems and host firmware and theircorresponding bus enumeration and configuration software that iscompatible with PCI rev 2.3 or later; and a PCI Express enhancedconfiguration mechanism which is provided to increase the size ofavailable configuration space and to optimize access mechanisms.

Each PCI Express Link is mapped through a virtual PCI-to-PCI Bridgestructure and has a logical PCI bus associated with it. The virtualPCI-to-PCI Bridge structure may be part of a PCI Express Root ComplexPort, a Switch Upstream Port, or a Switch Downstream Port. A Root Portis a virtual PCI-to-PCI Bridge structure that originates a PCI Expresshierarchy domain from a PCI Express Root Complex. Logical devices aremapped into configuration space such that each will respond to aparticular device number.

A schematic overview of the PCI Express architecture in layers is shownin FIG. 4. As shown, there are three discrete logical layers: thetransaction layer 41, the data link layer 43, and the physical layer 45.Each of these layers is divided into two sections: one that processesoutbound (to be transmitted) information and one that processes inbound(received) information.

PCI Express uses packets to communicate information between components.Packets are formed in the transaction and data link layers to carry theinformation from the transmitting component to the receiving component.As the transmitted packets flow through the other layers, they areextended with additional information necessary to handle packets atthose layers. At the receiving side the reverse process occurs andpackets pass from their physical layer representation to the data linklayer representation and finally (for transaction layer packets) to theform that can be processed by the transaction layer of the receivingdevice.

A conceptual overview of the flow of transaction level packetinformation through the layers is shown in FIG. 5. Thus the transactionlayer 41 provides a packet header 55, and can provide a data payload 56and an optional end-to-end cyclic redundancy check (ECRC) 57. The datalink layer applies a sequence number 53 and a LCRC (Link CyclicRedundancy Check) 54. The physical layer 45 then provides Framing 51, 52for the packet. A simpler form of packet communication is supportedbetween two data link layers (connected to the same Link) for thepurpose of Link management.

The upper Layer of the architecture is the transaction layer 41. Thetransaction layer's primary responsibility is the assembly anddisassembly of Transaction Layer Packets (TLPs). TLPs are used tocommunicate transactions, such as read and write, as well as certaintypes of events. The transaction layer is also responsible for managingcredit-based flow control for TLPs.

Every request packet requiring a response packet is implemented as asplit transaction. Each packet has a unique identifier that enablesresponse packets to be directed to the correct originator. The packetformat supports different forms of addressing depending on the type ofthe transaction (Memory, I/O, Configuration, and Message). The Packetsmay also have attributes such as No Snoop and Relaxed Ordering.

The transaction Layer supports four address spaces: the three PCIaddress spaces (memory, I/O, and configuration) and a Message Space.According to the PCI Express specification, the Message Space is used tosupport all prior sideband signals, such as interrupts, power-managementrequests, and so on, as in-band Message transactions. PCI ExpressMessage transactions can be considered as “virtual wires” since theireffect is to eliminate the wide array of sideband signals used in aconventional platform implementation.

The middle Layer in the stack, the data link layer 43, serves as anintermediate stage between the transaction layer 41 and the physicallayer 45. The primary responsibilities of the data link layer 41 includeLink management and data integrity, including error detection and errorcorrection.

The transmission side of the data link layer 43 accepts TLPs assembledby the transaction layer 41, calculates and applies a data protectioncode and TLP sequence number, and submits them to physical layer 45 fortransmission across the Link. The receiving data link layer 43 isresponsible for checking the integrity of received TLPs and forsubmitting them to the transaction layer 41 for further processing. Ondetection of TLP error(s), this Layer is responsible for requestingretransmission of TLPs until information is correctly received, or theLink is determined to have failed.

The data link layer 43 also generates and consumes packets that are usedfor Link management functions. To differentiate these packets from those(TLP) used by the transaction layer, the term Data Link Layer Packet(DLLP) is used when referring to packets that are generated and consumedat the data link layer.

The physical layer 45 includes all circuitry (electrical sub-block 49)for interface operation, including driver and input buffers,parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion, PLL(s)(Phase-locked-loops), and impedance matching circuitry. It includes alsological functions (logic sub-block 47) related to interfaceinitialization and maintenance. The physical layer 45 exchangesinformation with the data link layer 43 in an implementation-specificformat. This Layer is responsible for converting information receivedfrom the data link layer 43 into an appropriate serialized format andtransmitting it across the PCI Express Link at a frequency and widthcompatible with the device connected to the other side of the Link.

The PCI Express architecture has various facilities to support futureperformance enhancements via speed upgrades and advanced encodingtechniques. Depending on actual implementation of these enhancements,the future speeds, encoding techniques or media may only impact thephysical layer definition.

The transaction layer 41, in the process of generating and receivingTLPs, exchanges Flow Control information with its complementarytransaction layer 41 on the other side of the Link. It is alsoresponsible for supporting both software and hardware-initiated powermanagement.

Initialization and configuration functions require the transaction layer41 to store Link configuration information generated by the processor ormanagement device and store Link capabilities generated by physicallayer hardware negotiation of width and operational frequency.

A transaction layer's packet generation and processing services requireit to: generate TLPs from device core Requests; convert received RequestTLPs into Requests for the device core; convert received CompletionPackets into a payload, or status information, deliverable to the core;detect unsupported TLPs and invoke appropriate mechanisms for handlingthem; and if end-to-end data integrity is supported, generate theend-to-end data integrity CRC and update the TLP header accordingly.

Within flow control, the transaction layer 41 tracks flow controlcredits for TLPs across the Link. Transaction credit status isperiodically transmitted to the remote transaction layer using transportservices of the data link layer. Remote Flow Control information is usedto throttle TLP transmission.

The transaction layer 41 can also implement ordering rules including thePCI/PCI-X compliant producer consumer ordering model and extensions tosupport relaxed ordering.

Power management services within the transaction layer 41 may include:ACPI/PCI power management, as dictated by system software; andhardware-controlled autonomous power management minimizes power duringfull-on power states.

The transaction layer 41 can also implement handling of Virtual Channelsand Traffic Class. The combination of Virtual Channel mechanism andTraffic Class identification is provided to support differentiatedservices and QoS (Quality of Service) support for certain classes ofapplications. Virtual Channels provide a means to support multipleindependent logical data flows over given common physical resources ofthe Link. Conceptually this involves multiplexing different data flowsonto a single physical Link. The Traffic Class is a transaction layerpacket label that is transmitted unmodified end-to-end through thefabric. At every service point (e.g., Switch) within the fabric, TrafficClass labels are used to apply appropriate servicing policies. EachTraffic Class label defines a unique ordering domain—no orderingguarantees are provided for packets that contain different Traffic Classlabels.

The data link layer 43 is responsible for reliably exchanginginformation with its counterpart on the opposite side of the Link.Accordingly, it has responsibility for initialization and powermanagement services to: accept power state requests from the transactionlayer 41 and convey them to the physical layer 45; and to conveyactive/reset/disconnected/power managed state information to thetransaction layer 41.

The data link layer 43 also provides data protection, error checking,and retry services including: CRC generation; transmitted TLP storagefor data link level retry; error checking; TLP acknowledgment and retrymessages; and error indication for error reporting and logging.

The physical layer 45 provides services relating to interfaceinitialization, maintenance control, and status tracking, including:Reset/Hot-Plug control/status; Interconnect power management; width andlane mapping negotiation; and polarity reversal. The physical layer 45can also provide services relating to symbol and special ordered setgeneration including: 8-bit/10-bit encoding/decoding; and embedded clocktuning and alignment.

Within symbol transmission and alignment, the physical layer 45 canprovide services including: transmission circuits; reception circuits;elastic buffer at receiving side; and multi-lane de-skew (forwidths >x1) at receiving side. The physical layer 45 can also providesystem DFT (Design For Test) support features.

The inter-layer interfaces support the passing of packets and managementinformation. The transaction/data link interface provides: byte ormulti-byte data to be sent across the link (including a localTLP-transfer handshake mechanism, and TLP boundary information); andrequested power state for the link. The data link to transactioninterface provides: byte or multi-byte data received from the PCIExpress link; TLP framing information for the received byte; actualpower state for the Link; and Link status information.

The data link to physical interface provides: byte or multi-byte widedata to be sent across the link (including a data transfer handshakemechanism and TLP and DLLP boundary information for bytes); andrequested power state for the Link. The physical to data link interfaceprovides: byte or multi-byte wide data received from the PCI Expresslink; TLP and DLLP framing information for data; indication of errorsdetected by the physical layer; actual power state for the link; andconnection status information.

Thus there has now been described an overview of the basic principles ofthe PCI Express interface architecture. Further information regardingthe architecture can be obtained from the PCI Special Interest Group andfrom a variety of texts describing the architecture, such as“Introduction to PCI Express: A Hardware and Software Developer's Guide”ISBN: 0970284691, and “PCI Express System Architecture” ISBN:0321156307.

As described above, a PCI Express switch provides a single upstream portand one or more downstream ports. Configuration of the ports can becarried out using the PCI Express Configuration Space Headers. Examplesof relevant headers are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Any given port can beconfigured as upstream port. Each port behaves as a PCI Express to PCIExpress bridge as specified by the PCI Express Base Specification andP2P Bridge Specification (and can therefore be considered to be avirtual PCI Express to PCI Express bridge (P2P)). Each P2P bridge isidentified through the Class Code register in the Type 1 header beingequal to a P2P (0×060400). Note that in accordance with the PCI Expressspecification, a PCI Express endpoint control and status registerdescription is defined as a Type 0 and a P2P control and status registeris defined as a Type 1. The class code is part of the control and statusregister in the Type 0/1 headers.

A conventional PCI Express switch is shown in FIG. 3 and describedabove. During system initialization, a bus-walk is performed by thesystem platform 24 (the owner of root complex 21). The bus-walk takesplace as a series of configuration requests. Each device in a PCIExpress hierarchy (including a switch port P2P device) is identifiedusing a BDF (bus device function) number. Each transaction layer packetwhich is transferred over the fabric includes a Requester ID field whichis equal to the BDF of the requester of a transaction. In some cases,the packet may also include a Completer ID, which is the BDF of thecompleter of the transaction. The value of the Type 0/1 headers may betransmitted as payload to a transaction layer packet request orcompletion. The BDF is a 16-bit field composed of a Bus Number (8-bit,BN), a Device Number (5-bit, DN) and a Function Number (3-bit, FN).After the bus-walk is complete, the system platform performs busenumeration by conducting a series of configuration write requests whichinclude values which reflect the Type 0/1 headers within the payload toeach device in the PCI Express hierarchy. This process assigns eachdevice with a unique Bus Number. The root complex of a given hierarchyis always assigned bus number 0.

For example, in the switch shown in FIG. 3, the upstream port (PORT 0)may have a primary bus number of 1 (00000001), a secondary bus number of2 (00000010) (being a bridge, the P2P has one bus number for each bus towhich it is connected), a device number of 0 (00000) in accordance withthe PCI Express specification, and a function number of 0 (000). Theupstream port is identified as an upstream port through PCI ExpressCapabilities CSR Device Port Type field (the location of which isidentified by the capability pointer field in the header) of the P2Pcontrol and status register within the upstream port Type 1configuration header. Each downstream port (PORT 1, PORT 2, and PORT 3)has a primary bus number of 2 (00000010), and respective ports may haverespective device numbers, e.g. PORT 1 may have device number 1 (00001),PORT 2 may have device number 2 (00010), and PORT 3 may have devicenumber 3 (00011). In the case of the devices attached to the ports beingsingle function devices, each will have a function number of 0 (000). Ifthe attached devices were to be multi-function devices, the firstfunction of any given device will be 0, with further functions beingassigned function numbers in the range 1-7 as made possible by the threebits of the function number.

All P2P bridges are accessed through Type 1 configuration requests. Thismeans that the Configuration Requests used by the host platform/rootcomplex to enumerate the bus contain the values of the Type 1 header intheir payload fields. An example of the PCI Express Type 1 configurationspace header is shown in FIG. 6. As can be seen from the Figure, theType 1 header includes fields identifying the device (Device ID, whichis a physical device identifier, and Vendor ID, which is an identifierof the vendor company of the device). The Type 1 header also includesfields describing the status of the device (Status and Command, which isthe Command and Status Register (CSR) that provides status and controlover the PCI Express interface). The Class Code field is used to definethe type of device, as indicated above the P2P bridge is identified by aclass code of 0×060400. The Type 1 header also has fields to identifythe primary and secondary bus numbers of the P2P, and fields for BARs(Bus Address Registers), and Base/Limit fields. The remaining fields arenot of direct relevance to the present discussion, so in the interestsof not obscuring the present disclosure, the reader's attention isdirected to the PCI Express base specification for full details of thesefields.

The downstream ports are accessed using Type 1 configuration requestswith a BDF of BN=virtual PCI Bus (2 in FIG. 3), DN=actual port/device,FN=0.

Also, respective ports may have respective secondary bus numbers, e.g.PORT 1 may have secondary bus number 3 (00000011), PORT 2 may havesecondary bus number 4 (00000100), and PORT 3 may have secondary busnumber 5 (00000101). Any of the devices may have a subordinate busnumber (also identified in the Type 1 header) depending on the way inwhich the device is connected to the port. In the present example, it isassumed that device 3 connects to PORT 3 via a further P2P device. Thatfurther P2P has a primary bus number of 5 and a secondary bus number of6, thus the subordinate bus number of PORT 3 in the present example is 6(00000110). The subordinate bus number is the last bus number in thedownstream hierarchy of a given port. The upstream port forwards Type 1configuration requests to downstream ports when the configurationrequests target a downstream port's subordinate bus. In case of anendpoint device being directly connected to a downstream port, thedownstream P2P converts the Type 1 configuration request into a Type 0configuration request. An example of the Type 0 configuration spaceheader is shown in FIG. 7. As can be seen from that Figure, many of thefields are common to both Type 0 and Type 1 headers.

Of the fields in the Type 0 header which are not used in the Type 1header, the Min_Gnt and Max_Lat headers are not used in PCI Express andare set to 0 value and read only status for PCI Express configuration.The remaining fields are not of direct relevance to the presentdiscussion, so in the interests of not obscuring the present disclosure,the reader's attention is directed to the PCI Express base specificationfor full details of these fields.

During configuration, memory space (defined by a Base Address Register,or BAR) claimed by devices is discovered and assigned by the platform.After configuration, the BARs of a given port reflect the cumulativeBARs for all downstream devices (i.e. downstream devices are mapped incontiguous address regions). For example, the BAR of PORT 1 may have abase of x0200 and a limit of x02FF, the BAR of PORT 2 may have a base ofx0300 and a limit of x03FF, and the BAR of PORT 3 may have a base ofx0400 and a limit of x04FF. Thus the BAR of PORT 0 must a have a base ofx0200 or lower and a limit of x04FF or higher. As each PORT has its ownBAR space defined in the Type 1 header, PORT 0 must also have a BARspace for itself, thus in the present example, PORT 0 has a BAR with abase of x0100 and a limit of x04FF. There are independent BARs for eachof the three PCI address spaces. The I/O BAR has a 16 or 32-bit address,the memory BAR has a 32-bit address, and the prefetch memory BAR has a32 or 64-bit address. According to the PCI Express specification, allPCI Express endpoints with the prefetchable bit set must support 64-bitaddressing. To simplify address decoding, the I/O BAR supports 4 k pagegranularity, and the memory BARs use 1 MB granularity. Fields areprovided in the Type 1 header to identify the address ranges in theprefetchable, I/O and memory categories.

Memory requests & I/O requests are routed based upon address. In thedownstream direction a request is forwarded (or processed) if theaddress falls within the port's BAR. Upstream forwarding is based uponinverse decode relative to the same BARs. Within a switch each P2P(port) provides separate BAR registers for each of the three addressspaces. In order for a port to make a forwarding decision, it must haveexplicit knowledge of the other ports' BAR ranges.

Thus the initialization and configuration of a PCI Express switch havebeen described.

FIG. 8 provides a schematic overview of an example of an I/O softwareframework, in the present example a Solaris I/O software framework on ahost. The software framework provides access to one or more I/O devices125 via hardware 100 including a Northbridge 110 and a PCI-E switch 160.The platform (e.g., SPARC or x86) provides firmware 102 (e.g., OBP orBIOS 112) used before the operating system (OS) is booted. This firmware102 and the OS software 115 combine to provide discovery andconfiguration (bus enumeration) of a PCI device tree. The Solaris OSrun-time environment includes a kernel space 104 and a user space 106. APCI-E Nexus driver (there are similar drivers in other operatingsystems) 114 in the kernel space 104 provides device enumeration, driveridentification, drivers for the hostbridge and switches, and HPC(Hot-Plug Control) service. Each device 125 is handled either by ageneric class driver or by a device specific driver 116 that interfacesto the (Solaris) environment via a Nexus device driver interface(DDI/DKI—Device Driver Interface/Device Kernel Interface). Networkdevice drivers interface to a generic OS network stack 120. Similarly, ageneric storage stack 118 is provided for storage devices. In the userspace 106, in which the applications 107 reside, device specificconfiguration commands and other generic commands for driver and deviceconfiguration could be issued through specific CLI (Command LineInterface) applications like cfgadm( ) and ifconfig( ) 108. It will beappreciated that other software frameworks are possible, for example aframework based on another operating system such as a Microsoft Windows™OS, a Linux™ OS, etc.

Although FIG. 8 only shows a single host, an example embodiment of thepresent invention is able to provide device sharing between multiplehosts.

In the following, with reference to FIGS. 9 to 16, there will now bedescribed examples of an interconnect apparatus that is able to supportdevice sharing, for example a PCI Express switch operable to supportdevice sharing between multiple hosts. In some examples, the switch canbe operable to be fully compatible with the existing PCI deviceprogramming model as seen from a host, OS, and device driver. In someexamples, the fabric definition to support a multi-host shared devicecan be an extension of the existing PCI Express switch model. In someexamples, the fabric definition to support a multi-host shared devicecan be backwards compliant to legacy devices and legacy switches at itsendpoints. In some examples, the interoperability of a virtualizedswitch with designs based on the existing PCI Express packet format andwire protocols can be maximized. In some examples, the existing I/Osoftware framework can be used unmodified with a virtualized switch anda multi-host shared device.

Although multi-host shared I/O can be generally of interest tomulti-host systems, it is of particular interest to blade systems, bothdriven by cost and the ability to deliver services out of a “statelessblade” from the service identity point of view. In such an environment,around 8 to 16 host blades might wish to share a few I/O devices (forexample a 10 GBE NIC, a Fiberchannel (FC) HBA, and an IB HCA) and eachfabric (redundant pair) can be a monolithic single stage fabric.

FIG. 9 presents a simple overview of an example embodiment of aninterconnect apparatus or device (e.g., a switch) 260 for multi-hostPCI-E device sharing. Two hosts 220, 230, operating under an operatingsystem (OS) 224, 234, are connected via root complexes (RCs) 222, 232 torespective upstream ports 262, 263 of a partitioned PCI-E Switch 260.The PCI-E Switch 260 is partitioned into two virtual switches (vSwitches264, 265). Each virtual switch contains a single upstream port (P2P)262, 263, zero-to-many downstream ports (P2P) 266, 267, 268, 269 andone-to-many shared downstream ports (sP2P) 276. The P2P ports can bedescribed as physical ports. A shared sP2P port 276 is operable toconnect to a sharable device 272 (e.g., an I/O device, a switch, etc.)through a shared PCI-E link 274. The shared link is a PCI-E interface274 shared by multiple virtual switches 264, 265. In this example, eachvirtual switch 264, 265 attaches to a shared port (sP2P) 276 through oneor more P2P bridges 278, 279. The shared port 276 with a bridge 278, 279associated with a virtual switch 264, 265 can be described as a virtualport as this can provide port virtualization. As is shown in FIG. 10,the shared port 276 contains a routing table 282, an address translationtable 284 (and/or a combined routing and address translation table) andvirtual switch separation/protection 286. The sharable device 272contains a number of resources 288 that the configuration entity (CE)290 provisions to the hosts 220, 230. In the present instance, theconfiguration entity 290 is configured as part of the switch 260 of theinterconnect apparatus. As will be explained in respect of anotherexample embodiment later, the configuration entity could be configuredas part of a host, or part of the switch, or some other entity (e.g. aservice processor connected to the interconnect apparatus).

The provisioning of the shared device resources 288 can be determined byan out of band policy. The configuration entity 290 communicates with aconfiguration entity interface (CEi) 289 in the device that controlsdevice resources that by nature are not sharable (e.g. reset, sharingpolicy, etc.).

Each resource 288 in the device 272 is represented as a PCI device or aPCI function. A sharable device contains N+1 functions, in which Ndenotes the number of virtual devices the shared device supports, and‘1’ is the single function allocated for the configuration entity.

An example of a shared device 272 is shown in FIG. 11, which illustratesa shared device 272 with a configuration entity interface 289 (function0 of the device upstream port) and a P2P port 287 allowing expansion ofup to 256 separate functions in the present instance. If the devicesupports less than 8 data functions, the P2P port 287 is not requiredand the function remains on the upstream PCI bus 274.

Functions are provisioned by the configuration entity 290 to hosts 220,230 (or system images within a host). Re-provisioning of functions toother system images can take place through PCI-E Hot-Remove/-Addinterrupt events that the configuration entity 290 initiates through theconfiguration entity interface 289.

Only a host 220, 230 or system image currently owning a function isallowed access to the function 288. An access control mechanism perfunction 288 can be provided.

In addition, to provide transparency for each host, each function isconfigured to have a separate address space per function 288(configuration, I/O and memory address spaces per function). The host220, 230, or system image, performs BAR configuration (Base/Limits) ofthe functions it currently owns. This and the access control mechanismmean that there is no address space overlap per function in the presentinstance.

In this document reference will be made to function in a shared devicerepresenting a resource 288 (e.g. DMA machine) as a virtual device(vDevice).

To provide for system transparency, compatibility with existingbus-enumeration protocols (e.g. BIOS/OBP) can be provided. To this ashared port (sP2P) within a PCI Switch is operable to translate (orvirtualize) a Requester ID/Completer ID (i.e. BDF#) in transaction layerpackets (TLPs).

In the following, example methods for doing this are illustrated.

In a first example, the configuration entity 290 performsbus-enumeration below the shared port (sP2P) 276. The host performsbus-enumeration above the shared port (sP2P) 276 and on the functionsbeing provisioned to it. The shared port (sP2P) 276 provides atranslation mechanism. This is described in further detail below. EachP2P bridge 278, 279 (one per virtual switch 264, 265) connected to theshared port sP2P 276 in the PCI-E switch 260 is also assigned a virtualhost ID (vHostID—also referred to as a BDF#) representing the host 220,230 of which device hierarchy this virtual switch 264, 265 is part. Incases where the Root Complex contains multiple virtual Root Complexes(each assigned to an independent partition (OS domain) in a hypervisorenvironment for example), and each virtual Root Complex has a uniqueBDF#, the P2P port 278 connected to the shared sP2P port 276 can containone virtual host ID per virtual Root Complex.

A virtual device 272 being provisioned to a host 220, 230 can bepresented to the host as a device on the respective virtual PCI bus264VB, 265VB of the respective virtual switches 264, 265 or as part of avirtual device hierarchy below a P2P port 276 of that virtual switchvirtual PCI bus 264VB, 265VB.

Memory and I/O transaction layer packet (TLP) requests in the downwarddirections (from host to virtual device) are routed based upon addressuntil the shared port (sP2P) 276 as per the PCI-E specification. At theshared port (sP2P) 276, the Requester ID is replaced with the virtualhost ID. Below the shared port (sP2P) 276, the TLP is primarily routedby the virtual host ID and secondarily by address (in case of the latterthe virtual host ID is used as address qualifier).

A virtual device 288 uses the virtual host ID in the TLP as a functionaccess control mechanism. That is, only TLPs with a virtual host IDequal to the virtual host ID that the configuration entity 290 assignedto the virtual device when it performed the provisioning are allowed toaccess the function. This is referred to as a key. This key could bepart of the configuration space within the shared device 272. A virtualdevice 288 is operable to first validate that a TLP has access rightsthrough comparing the virtual host ID of the TLP with the key. If thereis a match, the virtual device 288 starts normal processing of thepacket. If not it reports with an error.

Through the current PCI model, each host 220, 230 independently assignsBARs to each of its devices 288. Due to this, within this example of amulti-host shared device model, multiple virtual devices 288 mayactually be in overlapping address ranges. However, as the virtualdevice 288 always checks the key within a TLP before consuming a TLP,and the switch downstream port 276 connected to the shared device 272always performs an upstream routing decision based on a virtual deviceRequester ID, there is no need for the virtual switch (vP2P) 276 and/orthe shared device 272 to consider target address mapping (e.g. PI/O withsame address from different client hosts).

Memory and I/O TLP requests (e.g. DMAs) in the upstream direction (fromvirtual device 288 to host), are routed by a Requester ID in a TLP (i.e.the configuration entity assigned BDF# of a virtual device) from avirtual device 288 until a shared port (sP2P) 276. At the shared port(sP2P) 276, the Requester ID in the TLP is used as an index into therouting and translation tables 282, 284, so that the TLP is routed intothe correct virtual switch 264, 265, and the Requester ID of the TLP isreplaced with the Requester ID of the host assigned Requester ID of thefunction 288.

From the shared port (sP2P) 276 to the host 220, 230, the TLP is routedby address.

Configuration request and completion TLPs in the downstream direction(from host 220, 230 to virtual device 288) are routed by ID. At theshared port (sP2P) 276, the completer ID is replaced with the virtualhost ID.

Completion TLPs in the upstream direction (from a virtual device 288 toa host 220, 230) are routed by the completer ID of the TLP (i.e. theRequester ID of the virtual device 228) from the virtual device untilthe shared port (sP2P) 276. At the shared port (sP2P) 276, the completerID is used as an index into the routing and translation tables 282, 284,so that the TLP is routed to the correct virtual switch 264, 265 and thecompleter ID of the TLP is replaced with the Requester ID of the hostassigned Requester ID of the virtual device/function.

As the PCI-E Specification is currently defined, a drawback oftranslation is a need to re-calculate the optional end-to-end CRC (ECRC)part of the TLP because the Requester ID field is modified. One wouldwish to avoid a potential data integrity issue as the ECRC would thennot be end-to-end. The following method ensures that ECRC checking canstill be used by making sure that the original ECRC value is replacedwith a new value that reflects the updated field(s) as well as theunchanged part of the packets. An example method is outlined below (andis further explained in the paper “Preserving the integrity ofcyclic-redundancy checks when protected text is intentionally altered”by D. R. Irvin, IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. VOL. 33 NO. 6 NOVEMBER 1989).

An example mechanism can work as follows:

-   -   Assume an incoming packet comprises the following fields:    -   DW1, DW2, DW3, ECRC (DW indicates 32-bits)

Suppose a Requester ID is part of DW2. The shared port (sP2P) 276changes the DW2 to DW2′. A bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) can then beperformed on each DW to generate a new ECRC:

-   -   (DW1 XOR DW1, DW2 XOR DW2′, DW3 XOR DW3)    -   The new ECRC of the XORed DW above is ECRC′    -   The packet transmitted is then:    -   DW1, DW2′, DW3, (ECRC XOR ECRC′)    -   Thus the end-to-end CRC checking is kept.    -   Another example can work as follows:

Replacing the Requester ID/Completer ID in a TLP through the routing andtranslation tables 282, 284 in the shared port (sP2P) 276 could beentirely avoided if the configuration entity 290 assigns BDFs (RequesterIDs) for all devices in the entire fabric. In this case, the ECRC isalso no longer an issue. This is, however, not compatible with currentlyexisting bus-enumeration protocols.

A further example can work as follows:

The configuration entity 290 could assign unique topology numbers toeach client host device tree below the shared port (sP2P) 276. Anexample of this is explained with reference to FIG. 12.

Here a topology number is assigned by the configuration entity 290 tothe shared port (sP2P) 276. In this case the shared device also containsa shared port (sP2P) 308 and one port (P2P) 310, 312 attached to thedevice shared port (sP2P) 308 per virtual switch 264, 265. Each virtualswitch 264, 265 will be assigned a unique topology number. The topologynumber could be inserted in the reserved fields of the TLP or be addedoutside the TLP. In the existing PCI-E specification there are 8reserved bits that could be used for this purpose. Whenever a TLP iscrossing a shared port (sP2P) 276, 308, the shared port (sP2P) 276, 308adds or removes the topology number. The topology number is protected byan LCRC and optionally by parity fields. Between the shared ports(sP2Ps) 276, 308 routing is based upon topology prefix and address/ID.The shared ports (sP2Ps) 276, 308 contain routing tables (compare FIG.10) in which the topology number is used as an index.

The example described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 12 is based upon theprovision of a configuration entity. Various characteristics of thisexample of an interconnection apparatus for sharing single PCI-E Deviceinstances between multiple hosts connected via a single PCI-E fabric(i.e. one or more switches between the ports of the host bridges and thesingle PCI-E port of the shared device) will be outlined.

The configuration entity is able to control all aspects of a shared I/Odevice and/or I/O Service (an I/O unit, or IOU). In a shared device theconfiguration entity implements the provisioning of device resources toclient hosts.

Client hosts are given access to individual resources within an IOU. Aclient host can only influence the operation of the resource(s) it owns.An I/O device resource is typically one or more DMA engine(s).

It may not be the configuration entity that polices the provisioning.This can be handled by independent management software.

If more than a single configuration entity has access to a single shareddevice instance, then it is assumed that the configuration entitiescoordinate their (master) operations on the IOU using some out-of-bandmechanism.

In order to facilitate PCI-E Device sharing, the PCI-E device itselfprovides a number of mechanisms that can imply OS support.

Each client host can be given direct access to the resource (i.e. DMAengines) it has been provisioned within the device, that is the deviceprovides separate register sets per DMA engine, so the device driver canpost doorbell operations through PI/Os directly to the device.

The register set that is controlling the operation of a single DMAengine within the device is not accessible from any client host that isnot a designated client host for this resource, that is the register setfor a given resource does not overlap with the address range of theregister set for another resource.

The device provides information that identifies the resource/DMA enginethat initiated a transaction in the upstream direction (from device toclient host/client partition) such that the PCI-E fabric can route thetransaction to the correct client host.

Any DMA operation initiated from any DMA engine is only allowed toaccess the memory of the client host that owns the corresponding DMAengine independently of what memory address has been specified in thesend/receive descriptor from the corresponding client host driver. Theswitch or the device qualifies that a given request only targets hostmemory (Virtual Address) that is legal for that DMA engine.

A client host can only make use of the resources that it has beenprovisioned. Also, no client host should be allowed to perform deviceconfiguration operations that may violate the policies upon which thesharing is based. In the case of the device being a NIC or a HBA (HostBus Adapter), only a trusted master host may control how the devicepresents itself on the external LAN (VLAN/IP/MAC address) or SAN(WWN/Zone/LUN/) as well as which outgoing network packets will beforwarded from which DMA engine to which external network link and alsowhich incoming network packets will be forwarded to which clienthost(s). The device keeps general control registers contained within aseparate address area(s) not overlapping with the DMA register setareas. Further on, access to these areas is only provided to designatedmaster hosts.

A client host that is assigned access to more than one device resourceshould be able to further assign these resources to individual LogicalDomains belonging to this host.

MSI-X (Message Signalled Interrupt—extended) interrupt generation isassociated with DMA resources in a way that allows the switch to forwardinterrupts to the same client host as the corresponding DMA operations.

In order to facilitate PCI-E device sharing that is transparent to theclient host platform, a number of additional requirements can befulfilled.

Each client host should be able to discover resources assigned to it asa normal PCI device/function using normal PCI bus-walk discovery methods(i.e. through Config requests). The host should see a resource it isallowed to use as an ordinary single device/function. The fabricrepresents a virtual device tree to the client host, and thus needs toprovide mappings between the client host assigned function device ID andthe actual device ID assigned by the master host.

Each client hosts observes BAR(s) information associated with theassigned device resources via PCI config operations.

Each client host should be able to assign its own PCI address range tosuch BARs.

A client host can see any PCI registers containing information about howa DMA engine owned by the client host is configured.

A client host should be able to specify memory addresses using any 64bit value. The ID tag provided by the resource within the device maytherefore not be part of the address forwarded by the client host.

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of another example of anapplication of an interconnect apparatus in the form of a switch 260 forproviding multi-host shared I/O. As well as providing the sharing of anI/O device between multiple hosts (e.g., 220, 230, 240), the switch 260can also be partitioned to provide multiple partitions (e.g., multiplevirtual switch partitions such as the virtual switch 264).

As with the example described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 12, theexample shown in FIG. 13 provides port and I/O virtualization to providemultiple host support. Virtualization enables a host to believe that ithas sole ownership of a device and enables it to create its own devicetree. In the example shown in FIG. 13, a virtual device (vDevice) 280within a shared device 272 is identified as a finction (288). Eachvirtual device can contain a unique BDF#. As with the example describedwith reference to FIG. 10, if a shared device consists of more thaneight virtual devices this can be expanded through virtual P2P bridgeswithin the shared device. Each function is, moreover, represented withits own BARs.

A multi-host PCI-E fabric may include one or more of legacy switches360, legacy devices 362, partitioned switches 260, and shared services.In the case that hosts 220, 230, 240 are connected to a partitionedswitch, a configuration entity (CE) 290 can be operable to create switchpartitions (e.g., virtual switch (vSwitch) 264) within the partitionedswitch 260 (one virtual switch per host). In this example, theconfiguration entity 290 is illustrated as forming part of one of thehosts 230. In this case, the host 230 containing the configurationentity 290 is termed a master host, with the remaining hosts 220, 240being termed client hosts. In the present example, the configurationentity 290 is run on a service partition. The configuration entity 290can provision virtual devices 280 within a shared device 272 to clienthosts 220, 240. When configured, a client host 220, 240 can then see itsown device tree (e.g., 310) that may consist of legacy switches 360,legacy devices 362, virtual switch 264 and virtual devices 280.

A partitioned switch 260 may be configured with multiple virtualswitches (e.g., 264). The upstream port 262 can provide connectivityupwards in the device tree towards its client host root complex and theone or many downstream ports (266) can provide connectivity to legacyswitches and devices (362). In this example, of a partitioned switch,one or many virtual downstream ports (vP2P 298) can each provideconnectivity to one or more virtual devices 280 within a shared device272.

The upstream port and downstream port(s) are represented as P2P bridges.These P2P bridges are connected at their secondary bus interface (i.e.the inwardly directed interface) through a virtual PCI bus 264VB. Thevirtual downstream ports are represented as virtual P2P bridges (e.g.,vP2P 298). The virtual devices 280 in a shared device 272 are connectedto the virtual port (e.g., vP2P 298). Each client host is representedthrough on the virtual downstream port (e.g., vP2P 298). The secondarybus number of the secondary bus 264VB of the virtual port vP2P 298 isequal to the secondary bus number of the upstream port P2P 262 connectedto the client host root complex.

In this example, forwarding in the upward direction, from a virtualdevice 280 to the client host 220 through the virtual port vP2P 298, isbased upon the identity (ID) of the requestor (the Requester ID) withina transfer link packet (TLP). Each virtual device 280 contains a uniquedevice ID (Requester ID). The downstream port 296 (representing one ormore virtual ports (vP2Ps) 298) connected to the shared device 272contains a routing table 297. The Requester ID is used as an index intothis routing table. When the TLP has been routed into the correct clienthost device tree by the virtual port (298), normal routing mechanisms(as defined by the current PCI-E specification) can be used.

In the downstream direction from the client host 220 to a virtual device280 through a virtual switch 264 and a virtual port 298, a normalrouting mechanism (as defined by the current PCI-E specification) can beused.

To keep within existing bus-enumeration protocols, the virtual switch298 within the virtual switch 264 can be operable to translate (orvirtualize) a Requester ID. The configuration entity 290 configures eachvirtual port 298 with a unique virtual device ID representing the clienthost 220 owning the virtual device 280. When a TLP is forwarded in thedownstream direction from a client host 220 to the virtual device 280,the virtual port 298 translates the client host Requester ID to thevirtual port device ID. When a client host 220 is accessing a virtualdevice 280, similar translation takes place for the client host'sassigned virtual device ID to the virtual device ID assigned by theconfiguration entity 290. Where the ID tag is based on an address, thevirtual address should also be translated.

As described above, given the way the current PCI-E specificationprovides for an optional end-to-end cyclical redundancy check (ECRC),various approaches can be adopted to maintain ECRC protection, ifrequired.

A client host should only be allowed to communicate with its assignedvirtual device(s) within the shared device. As described above withreference to FIG. 9 this can be achieved through authorizationsconfigured by the configuration entity 290, for example, using a uniquekey that can be defined per virtual device that could be part of theconfiguration space within the shared device. Each TLP accessing adevice can then contain the key. A virtual device would only be allowedto consume a TLP if the key supplied with the TLP matches the keyassigned to the virtual device by the configuration entity 290. This keycould for instance be the device ID of the client host. Even if multiplevirtual devices exist in overlapping address ranges, as a virtual devicechecks the key within a TLP before consuming a TLP, and the switchdownstream port connected to the shared device performs upstream routingdecision based on the virtual device Requester ID, there is no need forthe virtual switch virtual port and/or the shared device to considertarget address mapping. In this way, the key effectively identifiesdifferent address space hierarchies.

In this way, the virtual switch and configuration entity create theillusion to the client host that it actually operates on a normal legacydevice, whereas it in fact it operates on a virtual device part of ashared device. As a result, the system platform is able to performbus-walk, bus enumeration and configuration operations in a transparentway as if the I/O devices were not shared.

As shown in FIG. 13, a host may have different configurations. Forexample host 220 includes a host bridge (HB) 226 and a CPU 224. Host 230includes a host bridge 236, and a CPU 234 supporting a hypervisor 235environment with logical partitions/domains (Logical Domain A (LDA) 237and Logical Domain B (LDB) 238) as well as the configuration entity 290.A further host 240 includes multiple host bridges 246 and associatedCPUs 244. Each logical partition can run an independent OS, and thusrepresent a virtual host.

The partitioned switch also supports other virtual switches (notseparately identified) associated with each of the host root complexes(i.e., one virtual switch per host root complex).

The number of virtual device/client host pairs per shared device can beconstrained by the number of devices/functions that can be addressedbelow a downstream port connected to a shared device. In one example, asingle multi-function device can support 8 functions (i.e. 8 virtualdevice/client host connections). This could be expanded through a P2Pport. The secondary bus of this P2P port could then connect to 32multi-function devices of 8 functions each providing 256 virtualdevice/client host connections. This could be further expanded byadditional P2P ports at the cost of consuming bus numbers. Finergranular resource separation per client host (e.g. in a client host withmultiple partitions) could be achieved by providing multiple resources(e.g. DMA channels) per virtual device. In one example, the “perfunction” DMA BAR is further split into logical BARs at a pagegranularity. This separation is orthogonal to the virtual device/clienthost separation.

The example interconnect apparatus shown in FIG. 13 is based on thenotion of “Master Host(s)” and “Client Host(s)”. Otherwise it is similarto that described with reference to FIG. 9. The example includes aninterconnect apparatus for sharing single PCI-E Device instances betweenmultiple hosts connected via a single PCI-E fabric (i.e. one or moreswitches between the ports of the host bridges and the single PCI-E portof the shared device).

A master host as in the example of FIG. 13 could be configured tocontrol all aspects of a shared I/O device and/or I/O Service (IOU). Ina shared scenario the master host(s) could then be configured toimplement the provisioning of device resources to client hosts. Althoughthe master host(s) can be configured to implement the device resourceprovisioning, this can instead be handled by independent managementsoftware, or by a configuration module. In the example in FIG. 13, theprovisioning is actually performed by a configuration entity that formspart of a partition of the master host 230.

As indicated with reference to FIG. 9, rather than being implemented aspart of the master host 230, in other examples, the configuration entity290 could be configured as part of a host, or part of the switch, orsome other entity (e.g. a service processor connected to theinterconnect apparatus.

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram providing another representation ofan interconnect apparatus, for example a switch 260. The switch includesa number of ports that can be configured as upstream or downstreamports.

In FIG. 14, ports 262 are configured as upstream ports for connectionvia respective PCI-E buses to respective hosts 230, 220 and 240. Host230 is configured as a master host and hosts 220 and 240 are configuredas client hosts. Port 266 is configured as a downstream port forconnection via a PCI-E bus to a shared device 272. The secondary bus ofthe downstream port 266 is connected by means of a virtual PCI-E bus 261to the upstream port 262 that is in turn connected to the master host230. The ports 262 and 266 are physical P2P ports.

Additionally, a virtual port (vP2P) 298 is connected to the shareddevice 272. The secondary bus of the virtual port 298 is connected via avirtual PCI-fabric 263 to the secondary buses of the ports 262 that arein turn connected to the client hosts 220 and 240.

In FIG. 14, the trusted master host 230 owns the physical device tree,and assigns BDFs to all of the physical devices present within itsphysical device tree. The device tree represents each virtual registerset as a function. Thus, for example, virtual register sets BAR A 480and BAR B 480 are represented as functions 288, fun=0 and fun=1,corresponding to respective DMA engines DMA A and DMA B, respectively,of the shared device 272. A configuration entity (not shown—which can beconfigured as management software operating on the master host 230 asdescribed earlier) assigns one or more functions to client hosts (e.g.,client host A 220 and client host B 240). When configured, a client host220, 240 sees a virtual device tree consisting of the upstream P2P portand virtual downstream vP2P port(s) and the function(s) that have beenprovisioned to it.

Thus, the interconnect apparatus creates the illusion to the client hostthat the client host actually owns the physical device tree below theupstream port. The system platform is able to perform bus-walk andconfiguration operations in a transparent manner. As indicated in theFigures, the upstream port connected to each of the client hosts isrepresented as a P2P bridge. A virtual device tree is created by mappingthe P2P secondary bus to the secondary bus number of the virtualdownstream P2P assigned by the master host. Similar mappings take placefor the device/function numbers.

Within the fabric, each virtual port contains a physical fabric portaddress. A binding is created between a virtual port and a physical portusing a physical fabric port address. Where existing PCI-E packets areused, an 8-bit address can be advantageous. A larger address range wouldrequire either the use of vendor-defined messages or a PCI-Especification modification.

Each function (virtual device) within the physical device is representedwith BARs for CSR, DMA, and MSI-X. These are typically page-bounded(each DMA could be represented within a 4 k page, for example).

The downstream and upstream address translation is illustrated in FIG.15. In FIG. 15, the same reference numerals to those shown in FIG. 14are used for like features, and accordingly, the description of thosefeatures will not be repeated here.

In the downstream direction, the upstream port BAR range points 470 toan address translation table 464, in which each entry provides arepresentation of a virtual downstream port BAR range (e.g., each entryrepresent a virtual device). An entry pointed to provides a link 472 tothe virtual PCI-E fabric destination port for this request and upperbits for the new address. In the upstream direction the port connectedto the physical device identifies which resource issued the TLP. In atransparent mode the ID (device number and function number) can be used.This tag can be used as an index 474, 476 into a routing table 466,which entries provide a link 480, 478 to a virtual PCI-E fabricdestination for this request. The assumption here is that a device hasqualified a virtual address as indicated earlier. In addition,interconnect apparatus can replace a Requester ID (physical Device ID ofthe function) with the virtual Device ID (assigned by upstream clienthost), such that completions (from host to virtual device) can be routedproperly by interconnect apparatus.

In the examples described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 15 as describedabove, the device sharing could be said to be transparent with respectto the operating system: For example, in the examples described above,there is no need for the virtual switch 264 and/or the shared device toconsider target address mapping (e.g. PI/O with same address fromdifferent client hosts).

Where PCI-E device sharing is transparent to a client host platform andthe OS (i.e. Nexus driver) various characteristics may be observed.

For example, each client host may be able to discover resources assignedto it as a normal PCI device/function using normal PCI bus-walkdiscovery methods (for example using configuration requests). Thevirtualization is such that the host can see a resource it is allowed touse as an ordinary single device/function. The fabric can represent avirtual device tree to the client host, and provide mappings between theclient hosts' assigned function device IDs and the actual device IDsassigned by the master host.

Each client host can observe BAR(s) information associated with theassigned device resources via PCI configuration operations. The clienthost can partition I/O addresses and assign BAR ranges as it desires. Afabric manager may program the switch address mapping to map the variousBAR address ranges that the client host will use into target node andtarget address ranges. In this way, the host can have the illusion ofoperating in a full (e.g., a 64 bit) address space. As fully virtualizedBAR handling implies mapping from arbitrary 64 bit address ranges, theswitch port capacity for implementing individual map entries canrestrict the number of “virtual BARs” that can be supported by a switchport. Each client host can assign its own PCI address range to suchBARs.

A client host can see any PCI registers containing information about howa DMA engine owned by the client host is configured. A client host caninfluence some of the relevant device configuration information (e.g.,in order to perform “ifconfig” commands for a corresponding logicalnetwork interface within the OS). However, there is no requirement aboutsuch information being forwarded to a device in any particular way.

A client host can specify memory addresses using any value within thecomplete address range (e.g., 64 bits). An ID tag provided by theresource within the device need not, therefore, be a part of an addressforwarded by the interconnect apparatus to the client host.

In other example embodiments, however, a PCI-E device to be shared couldbe configured to provide a number of mechanisms, for example withoperating system (OS) support. In such a case, there may be exampleswhere sharing could be described as non-transparent. Examples of suchnon-transparent sharing will be described in the following.

As described above, each client host can be given direct access to aresource (e.g., a DMA engine) that is has been provisioned within theshared I/O device. The device can provide a separate register set perDMA engine. In this way, a device driver can post doorbell operationsthrough PI/Os directly to the device. A register set controls theoperation of a single DMA engine within the shared I/O device such thatit is not accessible from any client host that is not a designatedclient host for this resource. In other words, the register set for agiven resource is configured not to overlap with the address range ofthe register set for another resource. Each DMA register set can bearranged to exist either within a page window in which the page size isat least the page size of the client host(s) using the device, or withina separate BAR.

In a non-transparent example, a switch and/or a client host driver(and/or client host host-bridge/memory map in the case of multiplelogical partitions, or domains (LDs), within a host) can, for example,be configured to restrict access to only the resource that has beenallocated to the client host/client partition.

The device can also provide information that identifies the resourcethat initiated a transaction in the upstream direction (from device toclient host/client partition) such that the PCI-E fabric can route thetransaction to the correct client host. The identification (ID tag) can,for example, be in the form of high-order address bits within the PCI-Erequest or in the form of device/finction numbers. The maximum number ofresources within a device could, for example, be 256. The ID tag is usedas an index into a routing table at the port in the PCI-E fabric thatdirectly connects to the device. The VA (virtual address) within a TLPthat a PCI-E Fabric forwards from one of its upstream ports to a host isarranged to comply with the addressing format of the host.

The interconnect apparatus can be arranged such that any DMA operationinitiated from any DMA engine that forms a device resource can onlyaccess the memory of the client host that owns the corresponding DMAengine. The interconnect apparatus can be configured to effect thisindependently from which memory address has been specified in thesend/receive descriptor from the corresponding client host driver. Aninterconnect apparatus (e.g., a switch), or the device can be arrangedto qualify that a given request only targets host memory (virtualaddress) for that DMA engine.

The interconnect apparatus can be configured such that a client host canonly make use of the resources that have been provisioned to it.

The interconnect apparatus can also be configured such that a clienthost cannot perform device configuration operations that may violate thepolicies that the sharing is based upon. Where the device is a NIC or aHBA, the interconnect apparatus can be configured such that only atrusted master host can control how the device presents itself on anexternal LAN (VLAN/IP/MAC address) or SAN (WWN/Zone/LUN/) as well aswhich outgoing network packets will be forwarded from which DMA engineto which external network link and also which incoming network packetswill be forwarded to which client host(s). To facilitate thesefunctions, the device can keep general control registers containedwithin a separate address area(s) not overlapping with the DMA registerset areas. Further on, access to these areas can be provided only todesignated master hosts.

A client host that is assigned access to more than one device resourcecan be able to further assign these resources to individual logicaldomains (LDs) belonging to this host. Each such ID can operate as anindividual client host. With this in mind, each DMA register set canexist either within a page window in which the page size is at least thepage size of the client host(s)/partition(s) using the device. Also, thedevice can be arranged to restrict host memory addressing that can begenerated in order to fit within a restricted range within the targetclient host. The host can ensure that the target memory address rangethat the host bridge represents is divided into non-overlapping segmentsthat can be assigned to different IDs. This segment provisioning is thento be coordinated with the configuration of the corresponding DMAengine(s).

Any interrupts can be associated with DMA resources so that the switchforwards interrupts to the same client host as the corresponding DMAoperations.

In the following, there will now be described an example ofnon-transparent I/O device sharing based on a NIC 500 shown in FIG. 16that provides dual 10 GBE ports or quad 1 GBE ports with advanced packetfiltering, 16 DMA channels for receive (Rx) and 16 DMA channels fortransmit (Tx). This example NIC 500 provides the following PCI-Efeatures, namely x8 ports, a single device with four functions and 3BARs per Function (CSR, DMA, and MSI-X).

This example can provide transparent device sharing through theinterconnect apparatus of up to 4 client hosts as described above withreference to FIGS. 9 to 15. To provide support beyond 4 client hosts (4functions), a single BAR can be split into multiple logical BARs. Inthis example, the total number of DMA CSR is 64 kB, shared by 4functions at 16 kB each. To extend this, virtual BARs of 4 kB each canbe created, by splitting the 16 kB DMA bar per function into 4 kBblocks.

Such a NIC can also be presented as a single function device, with 3BARs, one for CSR, one for DMA, and one for MSI-X. In this case the DMABAR points to the entire 64 k region, and is thus composed of 16 4 kBchunks (virtual BARs). (In the following description we refer to a DMABAR that points to the entire 64 k region, and is thus composed of 16 4kB chunks (virtual BARs), although the method described equally appliesfor a function with 4 virtual BARs).

Each 4 kB chunk might be provisioned to independent hosts and/or systemimages, and thus provides support for up to 16 clients. These virtualBARs are not identified during a PCI bus walk (i.e. they are notidentified with a separate BDF and separate config space).

This example of non-transparent sharing is based upon the notion of‘Master Host(s)’ and ‘Client Host(s)’.

A master host is able to control all aspects of a shared I/O device. Ina shared scenario, the master host(s) implement the provisioning ofdevice resources to client hosts.

Client hosts are given access to individual resources within an IOU. Aclient host can only influence the operation of the resource(s) it owns.An I/O device resource can be one or more DMA engine(s).

It may not be the master host that performs the provisioning. This canbe handled by independent management software. FIG. 17 illustrates apossible configuration for implementing such a model. It will be notedthat it is generally similar to the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 14,but in the example shown in FIG. 17 the upstream ports that areconnected to the client hosts 220 and 240 are described asnon-transparent (NT) ports 462.

The master host owns the device tree that the physical shared device ispart of, and performs bus enumeration and BAR assignments for the SwitchP2Ps and the shared device. A client host sees the upstream switch port(NT port) 462 as a memory end-point. A client host 220, 240 onlyperforms bus enumeration and BAR assignments down to this port.

There are a number of possible approaches for presenting the virtualdevice to the client host.

In one example, the upstream port 462 can be represented in the PCI-Efabric connected to the client host as a PCI-E memory endpoint. However,this is not completely transparent to the client host 220, 240 as itwould require a virtual nexus driver between the actual nexus and thedevice driver. This virtual nexus driver is a device driver for thePCI-E upstream port 462 (memory endpoint). This device driver can bearranged to communicate with master host software to obtain arepresentation of virtual BARs that it exposes to the device driver.Based upon this the virtual nexus driver configures the addresstranslation table in the NT port 462. Downstream, the addresstranslation table 464 translates between the actual virtual BAR exposedto the client host, and the actual virtual BAR assigned by the masterhost. In addition, it replaces the Requester ID of a TLP with theRequester ID of the master host. Where an ECRC is present, appropriatemeasures can be taken, for example along the lines described above withrespect to transparent PCI-E sharing.

The device provides support for allowing a master host 230 to controlthe upper 20 most significant bits (MSBs) of the DMA address. Validationof these bits is also performed by the device in order to ensure thatDMA transfers are posted/fetched from the proper client host. Part ofthis address (upper 20 MSBs) can be used to identify the DMA thatinitiated a transaction. This identification tag is used by the switchport as an index into the routing and translation table of thedownstream port (vP2P) 298 that is connected to the shared device. Thetranslation involves translating the MSB bits of the TLP, and replacingthe Requester ID of the device with the Requester ID of the NT port. IfECRC is present this will be recalculated (see above).

The interconnect apparatus 260 provides a CSR per port that determinesthe index (part of address) to be used. The address presented to theclient host is arranged to be compliant with its addressing scheme. For32-bit client hosts the PCI-E fabric prepends/removes the upper part ofthe address (32 MSB) before a TLP is forwarded. Some processors (e.g.,AMD64 ISA) support 52-bit physical addresses (PAs). Others (for examplecurrent AMD Opteron processors) support 40-bit PAs. Other hosts (e.g.,Sun4v ISA) can support a PA consisting of address (44-bits), context ID,and partition ID).

In another example, the configuration space can be virtualized. Aconfiguration entity within the PCI-E fabric is operable to inspectevery configuration request issued, and complete the requests accordingto device and device driver requirements. The configuration entity formsa virtualization engine that intercepts configuration operations andcontrols which resources and what topology is being presented to theclient host when the host is exploring its (virtual) PCI-E hierarchy.When the client host subsequently assigns bus and device numbers, andassigns BAR address ranges, the virtualization engine observes this andmakes sure that proper mappings of addresses and IDs are set up in boththe upstream and downstream directions.

Non-transparent sharing is also possible for I/O devices (for examplelegacy devices) that are not in themselves configured to be shared. Inone such example of non-transparent sharing, a master owns theconfiguration space of a physical device tree, and provides I/Oservices. Each device contains generic device drivers (one for storage(typically block-based) and one for the network). The client host can bearranged to see the PCI-E fabric as a memory end-point. Then, if anaddress of a packet falls within the range programmed in the translationtable, the packet can be routed to the appropriate client host.

Client hosts can subscribe to the I/O services provided by the masterhost through inter-processor communication across the PCI-E fabric. Forexample, the interconnect apparatus can provide an inter-processor (orinter-host) communication channel. Client hosts can then use thisinter-processor communication channel to request data movement. Themaster host translates virtual I/O requests into I/O requests to one ormore PCI-E devices. Device data is DMAed directly to the client host(s)by the use of the upper address bits in the virtual address, which areused as an index into the routing table within the downstream portconnected to the device. This routing table is set up by a trustedmaster host or by trusted management software. Alternatively, data couldbe delivered to the master host and then delivered through the clienthost through IPC, but this implies the penalty of store and forward.This approach permits simple device sharing of devices that do not assuch support sharing requirements (e.g., legacy FC HBAs). This approachenables sharing of PCI and PCI-X devices that are indirectly attached tothe shared fabric via legacy bridges, and it also enables aggregation ofmultiple independent devices when implementing a single I/O request.

Thus there has been described an interconnect apparatus, for example aswitch, that supports PCI Express. The apparatus has a first pluralityof ports configurable as upstream ports, each connectable to arespective host, and at least one port configurable as a downstream portconnectable to a device. The apparatus is operable to support sharing ofthe device resources between hosts.

In an infrastructure as described above, legacy PCI Express host bridgehardware and devices are used. The transparent and non-transparentshared PCI Express fabric implementations can perform routing or addressmapping as a function of the “root complex” whereby a transaction“belongs to” the root complex.

In the transparent case, in particular, it is desirable to be able toadd a tag to a packet to indicate to which virtual PCI Express hierarchythe packet belongs (to which root complex and/or host it belongs) in amanner which has a minimum impact on the existing infrastructure. Themotivation for minimising changes is to allow as much as possible of thecurrent PCI Express device interfaces and switching logic to be reusedin shared environments. For example, where small configurations withlimited scaling requirements are used, which can be sensitive toincreased cost and/or changes in configuration and management aspects,it is particularly desirable to be able to reuse existing formats androuting logic.

In order not to reduce the reliability of a system, it is desirable tobe able to preserve the end-to-end cyclical redundancy check coding(ECRC) of the packet. Preserving the ECRC implies that the original ECRCfield is not modified or updated between the two end points, (i.e.between the start point and the final end point). If it is changed orupdated, this would imply that hardware logic along the path between thestart and final end points may be malfunctioning and introduce an errorthat could then not be detected by the ECRC check at the destinationnode.

A shared PCI Express infrastructure can typically involve a small to amoderate number of physical end nodes (both host nodes and I/O nodes).However, when the physical end nodes can be decomposed into multiplelogical entities as described above (e.g., into multiple logicaldomains/system images and/or various kinds of virtual resources), thenumber of logical end nodes can potentially be very high.

Each logical end node (in particular each logical host node) should beable to represent a full address space (e.g., a full 64 bit addressspace). Accordingly, it may not be desirable to use any address bit toidentify an end node. Also, it may be desirable that all PCI Expresstransactions can identify both source and target end nodes so thatproper access control can take place at the end nodes as well as withinthe shared switching fabric.

Further, in particular for host nodes, it can be desirable to be able torepresent multiple address spaces within a single logical end node. Itmay also be desirable to be able to re-use virtual address spaceportions in a way that makes sure that stale use of correspondingaddress space is detected in a well defined manner without disturbingthe current use of the same address portion.

As described in the earlier description, a shared PCI Express system mayinclude nodes that contain hardware, firmware and software that arefully aware of the shared nature of the PCI Express infrastructure.However, it may also contain legacy nodes (e.g., host nodes) that expectto see a conventional private PCI Express infrastructure ofbridges/switches and devices that do not have an awareness of a sharednature for the PCI Express infrastructure. Accordingly, it is desirablethat such legacy nodes are able to operate in a virtualised environmentthat maintains the required legacy (private) view of the resources thatwere available to the respective nodes.

There will be described in the following an example of an approach toextending a conventional PCI Express packet header beyond the currentPCI Express specification. The current PCI Express packet headerinformation defines a 16 bit requester ID and a 64 bit address. Theapproach described in the following enables the maintenance of theoriginal packet format to provide support for the legacy nodes.

The approach described in the following is based on the provision of anadditional header that can include one or more of a source ID, a targetID and a resource key. The additional header could also be termed asupplemental header, for example. The source ID, target ID and resourcekey can in principle have any desired size, but in the present example,a 16 bit format is used for the ID values, and a 32 bit format is usedfor the key value. This corresponds to the InfiniBand™ local address(LID) and remote access key/resource key (R_Key) formats. InfiniBand™ isa standard architecture defined and administered by the InfiniBand™Trade Association for connecting multiple independent processorplatforms (i.e. host processor nodes), I/O platforms and I/O devices. Afull definition of the InfiniBand™ Architecture may be found in theInfiniBand™ Architecture Specification Volumes 1 and 2, available fromthe InfiniBand™ Trade Association.

The new header can be provided with its own protection, for example inthe form of a cyclical redundancy check (CRC), for example an end to endCRC (ECRC), so that it can be added to an existing packet and strippedoff again without affecting the integrity of the original packet, butstill allow both the original packet and the additional header to befully CRC protected when passing through buffers, hardware logic, andphysical wires within the infrastructure.

In order to support legacy end nodes, the additional header can be addedby an ingress infrastructure port and stripped off by an egressinfrastructure port, for example after traversing multiple intermediateinfrastructure elements that support routing based on the additionalheader. In a particular example, the additional header is added at aningress switch port, traverses a single or multiple intermediate switchinstances and is stripped off by an egress switch port.

For target end nodes that are aware of the new protocol, the additionalheader can be passed on to the end node. In this regard, end nodetype/protocol support can be provided as part of the runtimeconfiguration information for egress/ingress switch ports.

The header values for headers that are added, or inserted, by theingress switch port can be constructed based on a mapping from therequester ID and/or the address fields in the original packet. Anexample mechanism for providing the header values is described withreference to FIG. 23 below.

The mapping can be configured to ensure that only legal target IDs canbe generated, and that a source ID uniquely identifies a legacy end nodewithin the shared PCI Express infrastructure.

Source end nodes that are aware of and can handle the generation of anadditional header can create and add the additional header wheninitially transmitting a packet. In this case, an ingress switch portsimply verifies that the source ID is legal, and that the target ID is alegal destination for this source ID.

The resource key may be used by aware end nodes to identify targetaddress space or a node specific resource as well as access rights forthe corresponding entity. Conceptually, the key value is an extension ofthe 64 bit address, but typically it can be decomposed into a resourceindex portion as well as a key portion so that the supplied key valuecan be matched against a key value associated with the resource index.In this manner, access rights for a specific resource index can berevoked by changing an associated key value.

For legacy end nodes, the resource key can also be used to enforceaccess control within a shared switching fabric. In this manner, it canbe possible to implement more dynamic access control schemes within thefabric and with a finer granularity than simply the end nodes.

FIG. 18 is a schematic representation of the generation of an additionalheader by an ingress port. As illustrated in FIG. 18, it is assumed thata transaction packet 610 (i.e., a transaction layer packet 610) isreceived from a root complex. The transaction layer packet 610 includesa header portion 612, a data payload portion 614 and an end to end CRC(ECRC) 616.

Within the ingress port 622, an additional header generator 624 isprovided that computes an additional header packet 618 including anadditional header 617 and an additional ECRC 619. The additional headercan be calculated using a segment table mechanism as described in FIG.23. In that segment table mechanism described with reference to FIG. 23,channel specific information can include the additional headerinformation 617, and an additional ECRC 619 can be generated from theadditional header information 617.

The ingress port 622 can be operable to transmit the additional headerpacket 618 immediately prior to transmission of the transaction packet610. Subsequent nodes within the infrastructure can be configured torecognise the additional header packet, and on the basis thereof, torecognise that the immediately following packet will be a transactionpacket which effectively forms a payload for the additional headerpacket.

In this regard, it should be noted that the additional header in thepresent instance is generated as a packet separate from the transactionpacket to which it relates. However, in other examples, the headerpacket could be provided in a format where the additional packet is adirect payload of, and is transmitted with the additional header packet618.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the routing of a transaction packet610 from a root complex at a host 620 to a device 636.

As described with reference to FIG. 18, it is assumed that an ingressport 622 receives the transaction packet 610 and that an additionalheader generator 624 generates an additional header packet 618 includingthe additional header and the additional ECRC for the additional header.The ingress port 622 is operable to transmit the additional headerpacket 618 and then immediately thereafter to transmit the transactionpacket 610.

As described above, if the host 620 is a host that is aware of therevised protocol described herein, including the generation of anadditional header, the host 620 could be operable to generate theadditional header packet 618 and to transmit that to the ingress portimmediately preceding the transaction packet 610. In this instance, theingress port 622 and the advanced header generator 624 will be operablemerely to verify the additional header and to verify the contentsthereof.

An intermediate node 626 can be provided with routing logic 628 that isresponsive to receipt of an additional header packet 618, to route theadditional header packet 618 and a packet received immediatelythereafter (i.e., the transaction packet 610) in accordance with therouting information in the additional header packet 618. Theintermediate node 626 and the routing logic 628 can be operable toprovide conventional operations of checking the ECRC of the additionalheader packet and the transaction packet 610 in the normal way.

In the instance shown in FIG. 19, the routing logic 628 of theintermediate node 626 is operable to transmit the additional headerpacket 618 and the transaction packet 610 to the egress port 632 inaccordance with the routing information in the additional header packet618. At the egress port 632, additional header removal logic 634 isoperable to remove the additional header 618 and to forward thetransaction packet 610 to the device 636 in accordance with the routinginformation in the additional header packet 618. The additional headerremoval logic 634 can be operable to provide conventional checking ofthe ECRCs of the additional header packet 618 and the transaction packet610 in a conventional manner.

In the event that the device 636 is capable of processing an additionalheader packet 618, the egress port 632 can be operable to transmit theadditional header packet 618 and the transaction packet 610 to thedevice 636.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram describing the processing of a transactionpacket by additional header generator logic 624 of an ingress port 622,by way of example. At 640, a transaction packet with an ECRC is receivedat the ingress port 622.

At 642, an additional header packet with an additional header and anadditional ECRC is generated using, for example, a segment table-basedmechanism as described with reference to FIG. 23.

At 644, the additional header packet is transmitted followed by thetransaction packet. In the present instance, the transaction packet isarranged to be transmitted immediately after the header packet, wherebysubsequent nodes in the hierarchy can be alerted to the arrival of thetransaction packet by receipt of an additional header packet.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram giving an example of the operation of routinglogic 628 of an intermediate node 626.

At 650, a transaction packet is received by the routing logic 628.

At 652, if it is detected that the received transaction packet is not anadditional header packet, then the received transaction packet is routedin accordance with routing information in the normal header of thetransaction packet at 654.

However, if it is determined at 652 that the received transaction packetis in fact an additional header packet, then at 656, the routing logicis operable to recognise the next transaction packet received as atransaction packet relating to the recognised additional header packet.At 658, the additional header packet is routed according to the routinginformation in the additional header. At 660, the transaction packetreceived at 656 is then transmitted according to routing in theadditional header of the additional header packet, rather than therouting information in the transaction packet received at 656.

In this manner, the additional header packet can be used to control therouting of a transaction packet without having to modify the transactionpacket header itself.

The routing logic can additionally be operable to perform conventionalrouting tasks, including the verification of the integrity of thepackets being routed, and in the event that the ECRC for the additionalheader packet, or the ECRC for the transaction packet are determined tobe in error, then to take appropriate remedial action. This can involve,for example, dropping the packet concerned. Alternatively, this caninvolve forcing a link-level retry with the assumption that the packetwas good when being transmitted at the previous stage. In other words,this can involve a link-level retry as if as if a link level (DLLP)integrity check had failed.

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of the operation ofadditional header removal logic 634 of an egress port 632.

At 670, a transaction packet is received. If, at 672, it is determinedthat the received packet is not an additional header packet, then at 674the received packet is routed to the device using routing information inthe received transaction packet. Alternatively, if it is determined in672 that the received packet is an additional header packet, then, at676, the next transaction packet to be received is transmitted to thedevice in accordance with routing information in the additional headerof the additional header packet, rather than the routing information inthe header of said next transaction packet.

Once again, the additional header removal logic 634 of the egress portcan be operable to provide appropriate verification of the ECRCs of theadditional header packet and the transaction packet itself. In the eventthat the ECRC does not validate, then the additional header removallogic 634 can be operable to take appropriate remedial action. This caninvolve, for example, dropping the packet concerned. Alternatively, thiscan involve forcing a link-level retry with the assumption that thepacket was good when being transmitted at the previous stage. In otherwords, this can involve a link-level retry as if as if a link level(DLLP) integrity check had failed.

FIG. 23 illustrates, in more detail, an example of logic 624 provided inthe ingress port 622. It should be appreciated that similar logic canalso be provided at other ports in the infrastructure.

As represented in FIG. 23, the logic 624 includes mapping logic 704which is responsive to receipt of a transaction packet 610 to extract anaddress 702 from the header portion 612 of the packet 610. The mappinglogic 704 is operable to use one or more of the most significant bits ofthe address 702 to access a segment table 706. The most significant bitsfrom the address 702 identify a particular segment (e.g., segment N 714)in the segment table 706. As represented in FIG. 23, the segment tableincludes M+1 segments arranged from segment 0 to segment M.

The valid part of a segment is a variable sized entity. That is, themost significant bit(s) used to identify a segment might define segmentsof many gigabytes. However, by specifying a legal part of a segment as astart offset plus a size (see FIG. 23 and the description below), it ispossible to specify a window of, for example a few megabytes orkilobytes) within the total address window that the segment index bits(i.e., the MSB(s)) of the address defines.

The number of address bits that are used for segment indexing can be aconfigurable parameter decided, for example, at system configurationtime. The same applies to the bits within a PCI address that can be usedto extract a segment index. For example, if the physical PCI addressthat a host can generate is limited, for example to 52 bits, then it isnot appropriate to specify that the upper 10 bits of a 64 bit addressshould be used for segment indexing.

In the present instance, the segment entries can be of variable length.In this instance, each of the segment entries in the segment table 706(e.g., segment entry 714) includes a start offset value 722 and a sizeindicator 724. The segment table entry N 714 also includes a validindicator 726. The segment entry N 714 further includes a target I/Oindicator 728 corresponding to the index identified by the mostsignificant bits of the address 702, and a channel index 730 defining achannel for the segment concerned.

If an incoming address has bits set that cause it to be mapped by asegment table entry, (i.e., the relevant set of bits matches to asegment table entry), then the rest of the address can be checkedagainst start offset and size fields within the segment table entry. Ifthe operation involves an address that is not within a valid area (e.g.,an area defined between base+offset and base+offset+size−1) then theoperation may not be forwarded and an illegal address type error can besignalled. In other words, a transaction can be forwarded if the indexedsegment entry is marked as valid and the offset that the address definesis within a legal range defined by the segment entry.

The channel index 730 identifies a channel descriptor. In the presentinstance, the segment entries identify respective entries in a channeldescriptor table. For example, the segment entry N, 714, identifies achannel descriptor X 734.

The channel descriptors can also be of variable size, this being afinction of channel type. In the present instance a single table ofmaximum sized channel descriptors is provided. Alternatively, a degreeof indirection could be provided, for example access to variable lengthchannel descriptors could be provided via a pointer array. As anotheralternative, a set of different channel descriptor tables for differentchannel types combined with a type indicator in the segment table.

Each of the entries 732, 734, 736 in the channel descriptor table 708can be pointed to by 0, 1, or more of the entries 712, 714, 716 in thesegment table 706. In other words, 0, 1, or multiple sets of mostsignificant bits from the address 702 can correspond to a particularchannel descriptor entry 732, 734, 736.

The channel descriptor entries include a source ID 742 and additionalchannel type specific information 744.

As indicated in FIG. 23, there can be multiple channel descriptorentries, including entry 0, 732, entry X, 734, and entry Y, 736. Theinformation contained in the segment table and the channel descriptortable is used by the mapping logic 704, to control the routing of thetransaction packet 610, in the manner described above.

Accordingly, the use of the segment table and channel descriptor tablestructures shown in FIG. 23 facilitate the routing and address mappingof transaction packet 610 as a function of the root complex to which thetransaction belongs. Where a single root complex is shared by multipleindependent system images (SIs), the mechanism described in FIG. 23enables the addition of information to a transaction so that a targetdevice is able to differentiate between different system images within aroot complex. A host with support for multiple independent system imageswill typically be able to control which PCI address can be generatedfrom the individual system images, but may not be able to associatedifferent requester IDs with transactions from the individual systemimages due to limitations in the hardware implementation of the rootcomplex. The address mapping structure illustrated in FIG. 23 furtherfacilitates the interfacing of different kinds of bridging functions andadvanced peer to peer communication across the transactioninfrastructure. It facilitates this in being able to add moreinformation to an original packet as a function of both the originatorand the target for the transaction and packet.

In the particular instance shown in FIG. 23, the channel descriptortable provides an efficient mechanism for providing a segment table withvariable size segments. In other examples, however, the segment tablecould contain fixed sized segments.

The segments thus define a mapping from an address 702 provided from aroot complex in a transaction packet 610 into a target node, andpotentially also a new target address.

The segment entry can define a channel number (if not a predefinedchannel number) and represent an index into an array of channeldescriptors. The channel descriptors can contain further informationabout how to forward the packet as well as additional information forforwarding the additional packet and/or for constructing additionalheader information. The channel descriptor allows identification ofdifferent transport mechanisms as well as various value-add features toutilize a standard packet format (e.g., a standard PCI Express packetformat) as well as various enhancements to standard packet formats.

As multiple segments can share the same channel descriptor, the size ofthe segment table entries can be kept constant even if the channelrepresents significant additional information. In particular, a channelcan be used to add a source ID 742 as well as to access key informationand potentially additional or alternative target address information.

Where predefined channel values are used, it is possible to represent astandard forwarding where no additional information is added to thepacket, and the requester ID from the original packet can be used as asource ID in an extended header. Also, it is possible to define amapping where the address is simply passed on, and where the target IDis interpreted as a local switch port to which the packet should beforwarded. This can enable a conventional hierarchical address-basedrouting scheme, but where each root complex has its own set of routingtables.

The mechanism described with reference to FIG. 23 can thus provide amechanism that allows a PCI Express switch port to compensate for a lackof functionality in an existing device and/or root compleximplementation in a flexible and extendable manner.

The shared PCI Express infrastructure described in the present documentprovides a solution for sharing PCI Express-based I/O devices via directclient node access to selected device control registers or via higherlevel I/O requests to a proxy node that performs device controloperations to implement the desired I/O operations. In both cases, datacan be transferred directly between the device and the memory of theclient nodes without any need to perform intermediate buffering inmemory.

It would also be desirable to be able to provide a PCI Express-based I/Osystem that can provide I/O services across an InfiniBand fabric (orother remote direct memory access (RDMA) based fabric) without having togo via any intermediate memory-based buffering scheme. A full definitionof the InfiniBand™ Architecture may be found in the InfiniBand™Architecture Specification Volumes 1 and 2, available from theInfiniBand™ Trade Association.

In order to provide I/O services across an InfiniBand fabric withouthaving to go via any intermediate memory-based buffering scheme, abridging function is needed that can take PCI Express DMA operations andtranslate them into InfiniBand remote direct memory access RDMAoperations.

In the following, a bridging function is described which is provided asa simple extension to a conventional PCI Express-based InfiniBand hostchannel adaptor (HCA) in order to allow combinations of shared-HCAfunctionality and “cut-through” I/O bridging without any significantcost in terms of address mapping and buffering capacity in the HCAimplementation. HCA work queue handling for RDMA is outlined in the“InfiniBand™ Architecture Specification Volume 1 Release 1.1-Section10.8-Work Request Processing Model”.

A conventional DMA operation on a PCI Express infrastructure is definedby a combination of a source node, a 64 bit address, a payload size andthe payload data. The payload data forms the payload from a target nodeto a source node in the case of a read operation and vice versa in thecase of a write operation.

In the example to be described in the following, a mapping function isused within each ingress port to translate a 64 bit PCI Express addressinto another PCI Express 64 bit address as well as a PCI Express targetnode ID.

On InfiniBand, the same information is required, but in addition a queuepair (QP) number for the connection on which a RDMA operation is to beperformed must be known, and a resource key (R_Key) value that is to beused to choose a target address space and determine access privilegesfor the 64 bit virtual address must be specified.

During conventional HCA operations, work requests (work queueelements—WQEs) are delivered to the HCA via a doorbell page that isassociated with a specific QP. The WQEs are typically stored as a listof descriptors in memory, and with a payload either within thedescriptor itself or the descriptor contains a list of one or more datasegment descriptions. Although the InfiniBand specification does notdefine a specific implementation of work request processing involvingdoorbell operations, the use of a doorbell page is a commonly appliedapproach for implementing user-level access to a DMA engine on an IOdevice.

An overview of an example of HCA doorbell request handling is set out inthe following paragraphs.

In an initial setup phase, an operating system (OS) of a host configuresa host channel adapter (HCA) with a number of queue pairs (QPs)/channelsand ensures that the doorbell PCI address area for the HCA is indexedwith the correct page size. Each doorbell page can be arranged to have afixed association with a specific QP number. Each QP number can beassociated with a descriptor that defines if the QP is valid as well asall information required to implement connections to remote QPs as wellas an association with local “protection domains” that define thecredentials of the QP in terms of accessing local memory. Whenever a QPis set up for use by a user process, the corresponding descriptor can beinitialized, and the user process can then be granted access to thecorresponding doorbell page by having a virtual address page set up tomap the corresponding physical address. When connections areestablished, additional QP descriptor information/state can be providedby the OS. Processes on different nodes can perform memory registrationsthat cause address translation mechanisms to be set up so that the HCAcan access the memory within a specific protection domain. In otherwords, memory registered within a specific protection domain can beaccessed by all HCA QP contexts that are associated with the sameprotection domain. Individual memory registrations can be associatedwith a “key” value that must be provided in order to have the HCAperform access to the memory. In order to enable data transfer usingRDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access), between local memory and memoryowned by a remote process, the two parties can set up a QP connectionand register the relevant (local) memory on each side.

At run-time, after the set up process is complete, the following stepsrepresent an example of run-time operations that can be performed.

-   -   A user process constructs a work queue element (WQE) that        contains information about operation (read/write), size, plus        local and remote addresses and associated “key” values.    -   The user-process stores a pointer to this WQE in the doorbell        address associated with the QP that is supposed to implement the        transfer.    -   The HCA receives the stored data (i.e. the WQE pointer) on PCI.    -   The HCA determines the QP number as a function of the PCI        address.    -   The HCA verifies that the relevant QP context state allows for        data transfers to take place.    -   The HCA stores the received WQE pointer in a queue associated        with the QP.    -   If the HCA is not currently engaged in another transfer (for the        same or another QP), it will fetch the WQE from memory and start        performing the data transfer.    -   If the HCA is currently busy, it performs the data transfer when        this QP is scheduled, and the per-QP work queue has reached this        WQE. (A HCA will typically “time-slice” between QPs and make        sure that all QPs makes progress independently of the        data-transfer size associated with any single WQE for any single        QP.)    -   The HCA verifies that the involved local addresses/keys        represent legal registered memory for the relevant QP. (The        remote HCA/QP performs similar verification before accessing any        memory on its side.)

There has thus been explained an overview of an example of HCA doorbellrequest handling.

To implement the bridging finction, a PCI Express fabric port addressmapping function and a HCA doorbell and transaction management functionis provided in a manner operable to implement the required PCIExpress/InfiniBand bridging function in an efficient and scalablemanner.

In particular, the PCI Express address mapping function can employ thechannel number 730 provided in the segment table entries in the segmenttable 706 of FIG. 23. As indicated in FIG. 23, the channel numberindexes into an array of descriptors referred to as channel descriptors.As also mentioned in the introduction to FIG. 23, the segment tablelookup mechanism can be provided in other potential ingress ports, forexample, a port connected to a device.

The channel descriptors may be of different types, but in the case ofDMA operations, the type of channel descriptor is described as anInfiniBand bridge channel descriptor and the channel type specificinformation 744 comprises the resource key value and a HCA doorbelladdress.

An ingress point in the infrastructure, which in the case of a DMAoperation can be the port connected to the device providing the DMAoperation, can be operable to encapsulate a PCI request received fromthe device and to map the 64 bit memory address in accordance with thesegment entry mapping in a segment table mechanism 624 as shown in FIG.23. In this case the segment table mechanism 624 is provided at theingress port connected to the device, for example the port 632′ shown inFIG. 24.

The ingress port concerned encapsulates the request into a meta requestthat contains the resource key value and forwards this meta request tothe specified HCA doorbell address via the switch egress port that thespecified target node ID represents, for example the 622′ represented inFIG. 24.

FIG. 24 represents an example of the passing of a DMA request from adevice 636 to an RDMA adapter of a host channel adapter (HCA) 620. TheDMA request is provided as a transaction packet 810 (that includes aheader portion H, a data portion D and an ECRC portion E), from thedevice to an ingress port 632′. It will be appreciated that the port632′ corresponds to the egress port 632 of FIG. 19, but in the case of aDMA request, the function of port 632 is as an ingress port, rather thanan egress port as shown in FIG. 19, hence the reference to ingress port632′.

The ingress port 632′ includes DMA mapping logic 818, which includes atable lookup mechanism as shown in FIG. 23 and is operable toencapsulate the received PCI request 810 in a meta request formed by asupplemental header packet 820 that includes a supplemental header 817and a supplemental ECRC 819. The supplemental header packet 820 could becalled an additional header packet and have an additional header andadditional ECRC. However, for reasons of clarity, reference is madeherein to a supplemental header packet 820, supplemental header 817 andsupplemental ECRC 819 to distinguish the header packet for the case ofDMA in FIG. 25 from the additional header packet described withreference to FIG. 19.

The DMA mapping logic 818 is operable to generate the supplementalheader packet 820 using a segment table lookup mechanism equivalent tothat shown in FIG. 23. In particular, the DMA mapping logic 818 isoperable to use a predetermined number of one or more of the mostsignificant bits in the 64 bit address provided in the header (H) of theDMA request 810 to access an appropriate segment in the segment table706. The appropriate segment in the segment table 706 in turn identifiesa corresponding entry in the channel descriptor table in which iscontained the resource key value and the HCA doorbell address. In theexample shown in FIG. 24, the DMA mapping logic 818 is operable totransmit a supplementary header packet 820 immediately preceding the DMArequest packet 810.

The intermediate node 626′, which corresponds to the intermediate node626 of FIG. 19, includes routing logic 822 that is operable to detectthe receipt of a supplementary header packet 820 and, in responsethereto, to recognize that the next packet to be received is the DMApacket 810. The routing logic 822 of the intermediate node 626′ isoperable to route the supplementary header packet 820 and theimmediately following DMA request packet 810 according to the routinginformation provided in the supplementary header 817 of thesupplementary header packet 820. On receipt at an egress port 622′ whichcorresponds to the ingress port 622 of FIG. 19, DMA routing logic 824 isoperable to route the DMA request packet 810 to the appropriate HCAdoorbell address as specified in the supplementary header of thesupplementary header packet 820.

In the particular example shown in FIG. 24, the combination of thesupplementary header packet 820 and the DMA request packet 810 form ameta request. In other examples, the meta request could be formatted bymeans of a single packet which includes the DMA data payload and areconfigured header packet.

FIG. 25 is a schematic representation of the PCI Express space for ahost channel adaptor as employed in the example of FIG. 24. The PCIExpress space 830 includes a protected region 832, and a plurality ofdoorbell addresses 834, 836 . . . 842. Each doorbell address area 0, 1,2, 3, . . . N is one host page in size. The doorbell areas 0, 1, 2, 3, .. . N (834, 836, 838, 840 . . . 842) define the QP contexts. Therespective work queue elements formed by respective DMA requests 810 arestored as individual work queue elements 850 in respective work queueelement queues such as the queues 844 and 846 associated with thedoorbell area 0 834 and doorbell area 1 836, respectively.

Returning to FIG. 24, each meta request received at the egress port 622′is converted into a single RDMA message (single packet messages).Conventional PCI Express packet flow control mechanisms can ensure thatthe host channel adaptor is not overloaded. In the case of posted writeoperations, the transaction is completed from the PCI Expressperspective once a write request containing the payload has beenaccepted by the host channel adaptor. In the case of reads, the hostchannel adaptor supports multiple outstanding read operations, and keepstrack of the PCI Express transaction information so that a PCI Expressread response containing the received payload can be generated insteadof generating a PCI Express write request in order to store the data inhost memory.

In this manner, the mapping function of a PCI Express switch port can becombined with the enhanced doorbell/QP context handling of the hostchannel adaptor. Since many switch ports and switches can utilize asingle host channel adaptor instance, the scaling and bridgingfunctionality can be achieved without depending on a host channeladaptor resident address mapping function. Further, scaling in terms ofsupport for multiple address spaces can be achieved since each switchingress port represents an individual virtual 64 bit PCI Express addressspace, and this approach allows all such virtual address spaces to beforwarded via a single host channel adaptor. If the host channel adaptorhad contained the address mapping function from a single PCI Express 64bit address space, then further co-ordination of address range usagewould need to be enforced among the different clients.

The described solution can be used in an example where a proxy nodeperforms device control as part of the PCI Express I/O complex. Such aproxy node can then communicate with client nodes on either the same PCIExpress fabric or with remote InfiniBand nodes. However, it is alsopossible to extend this approach to allow direct PCI Express devicecontrol across the InfiniBand fabric. In this case, the host channeladaptor could generate read and write requests on the PCI Express sideas a result of incoming requests via different QPs and the PCI Expressfabric would forward these requests to appropriate device nodes usingthe same address mapping functions as used for host to device or deviceto host operations on the shared PCI fabric.

There has thus been provided a mechanism that combines the addressmapping resources of a set of shared infrastructure PCI Express switcheswith the doorbell mechanism and QP context information of an InfiniBandhost channel adaptor in order to provide a bridging function that doesnot depend on store and forward schemes and that handles multiple PCIExpress address spaces simultaneously without adding content size to thehost channel adaptor implementation. A mechanism can be provided forcut-through bridging between DMA operations on a shared PCI Expressinfrastructure and RDMA operations on a cluster fabric. Although, in theabove description, reference is made to a cluster fabric based onInfiniBand, the described mechanism is also applicable to be implementedon other RDMA-based interconnects.

The described mechanism makes use of the fact that an RDMA fabricadaptor is based on being able to handle multiple concurrent transfersthat are indicated for multiple independent clients by dedicateddoorbell command addresses. Hence the host channel adaptor contains therequired logic to handle multiple transaction contexts for multipleindependent transactions.

The mechanism also takes account of the virtualized PCI Expressswitching infrastructure described herein, and the address mappingmechanism described with reference to FIG. 23.

The mechanism described with reference to FIG. 24 provides a distributedbridging solution where a switch can perform address mapping but doesnot have to deal with the complexities of RDMA and connection protocolsand where a host channel adaptor can handle RDMA operations based oncut-through doorbell operations. All of the bridging logic required canbe built into a single device, for example the ingress port of a switch.

By allowing cut-through operations between a shared I/O device and ashared host channel adaptor, it is possible to implement I/O services aslogical domains (special system images) on hosts that are also used forother purposes while minimizing conflicts for I/O and memory bandwidthcapacity. Only low bandwidth control messages are exchanged between theI/O service system image and other hosts, leaving the bulk of localmemory and I/O bandwidth available for use by functions that are localto the host.

In the described example, a PCI Express based RDMA adapter, for examplean InfiniBand HCA, can be attached to a shared infrastructure point. TheRDMA adapter can be operable to receive a meta request at a doorbelladdress corresponding to an RDMA connection (QP in InfiniBand). Wherethe meta request contains a DMA write operation, the RDMA adapter can beoperable to construct a single packet RDMA write message on thecorresponding QP/RDMA connection using resource key and address as wellas data from the received meta request. Where the meta request containsa DMA read operation, the RDMA adapter is operable to construct a singlepacket RDMA read request and to associate PCI transaction informationwith the RDMA read context. The RDMA adapter can be operable to performa DMA read response with correct transaction info from a QP context whenreceiving an RDMA read response on a QP that where the RDMA read contextindicates that this RDMA read was initiated based on a meta request.

There has been described a method and apparatus for routing directmemory access requests via a shared infrastructure. An infrastructureelement can receive a first DMA request that comprises a first addressand data. The first address can be mapped to a resource key value and adoorbell address for the DMA request and the first DMA request can beencapsulated in a meta request that comprises the resource key value andthe doorbell address. The meta request can then be transmitted via theinfrastructure using the doorbell address.

There has also been described a method and apparatus providing an RDMAadapter connectable to an infrastructure egress point. A meta requestcomprising a first DMA request, which comprises a first address anddata, a resource key value and a doorbell address, can be received atthe doorbell address. An RDMA request message can then be generatedusing the resource key, the first address and the data from the receivedmeta request.

An infrastructure element can thus receive a first DMA request includinga first address and the data, generate a meta request that comprises aresource key value and a doorbell address, and transmit the meta requestvia the infrastructure using the doorbell address. A remote DMA adaptercan then receive the meta request at the doorbell address and generate aRDMA message using the resource key, the first address and the data fromthe received meta request.

There has been described an apparatus and method in which an entry in asegment table at an element in an infrastructure, for example at aningress point to the infrastructure, can map an address in a transactionpacket to a target for the transaction packet. The entry in the segmenttable can identify one of a plurality of channel descriptors providingone or more of forwarding information for the transaction packet andinformation for constructing an additional header for the transactionpacket.

Although the embodiments above have been described in considerabledetail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent tothose skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated.It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace allsuch variations and modifications as well as their equivalents.

1. A method of routing transactions via a shared infrastructure, at aninfrastructure ingress point at which transaction packets for routingtransactions via the shared infrastructure are received, the methodcomprising: accessing an entry in a segment table mapping an address ina transaction packet, received at the infrastructure ingress point, to atarget for the transaction packet; and identifying, from the entry inthe segment table, one of a plurality of channel descriptors providingat least one of: forwarding information for the transaction packet; andinformation for constructing an additional header for the transactionpacket.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising accessing an entry in thesegment table using at least one bit of an address in a header of thetransaction packet.
 3. The method of claim 2, comprising accessing anentry in the segment table using a plurality of high order bits of theaddress in the header of the transaction packet.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the entry in the segment table indexes an entry in a channeldescriptor table for the one of a plurality of channel decriptors. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein the entries in the segment table are ofvariable length.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the forwardinginformation for the transaction packet includes at least one of: asource identifier for the source of the transaction packet; targetaddress information for the transaction packet; and a resource keyidentifying access rights for a target resource.
 7. The method of claim1, wherein the ingress point is an ingress port of an interconnectapparatus.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ingress point is a rootcomplex.
 9. The method of claim 1, for routing PCI Express transactionsvia a shared PCI Express infrastructure.
 10. An interconnect apparatusfor routing transactions via a shared infrastructure, the interconnectapparatus comprising: at an infrastructure ingress point at whichtransaction packets for routing transactions via the sharedinfrastructure are received, a segment table having an entry operable tomap an address in a transaction packet, received at the infrastructureingress point, to a target for the transaction packet; the entry in thesegment table identifying one of a plurality of channel descriptorsproviding at least one of: forwarding information for the transactionpacket; and information for constructing an additional header for thetransaction packet.
 11. The interconnect apparatus of claim 10, operableto access an entry in the segment table using at least one bit of anaddress in a header of the transaction packet.
 12. The interconnectapparatus of claim 11, operable to access an entry in the segment table,using a plurality of high order bits of the address in the header of thetransaction packet.
 13. The interconnect apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe entry in the segment table contains an index to the channeldescriptor.
 14. The interconnect apparatus of claim 10, wherein theentry in the segment table indexes an entry in a channel descriptortable for the one of a plurality of channel descriptors.
 15. Theinterconnect apparatus of claim 14, further comprising the channeldescriptor table, wherein the entries in the segment table are ofvariable length.
 16. The interconnect apparatus of claim 10, wherein theforwarding information for the transaction packet includes at least oneof: a source identifier for the source of the transaction packet; targetaddress information for the transaction packet; and a resource keyidentifying access rights for a target resource.
 17. The interconnectapparatus of claim 10, wherein the interconnect apparatus is a switchand the ingress point is an ingress port of the switch.
 18. Theinterconnect apparatus of claim 10, wherein the transactions are PCIExpress transactions and the shared infrastructure is a shared PCIExpress infrastructure.
 19. A computer system for routing transactionsvia a shared infrastructure, the computer system comprising: at aninfrastructure ingress point at which transaction packets for routingtransactions via the shared infrastructure are received, a segment tablehaving an entry operable to map an address in a transaction packet,received at the infrastructure ingress point, to a target for thetransaction packet; the entry in the segment table identifying one of aplurality of channel descriptors providing at least one of: forwardinginformation for the transaction packet; and information for constructingan additional header for the transaction packet.